Indigenous Ethnologue (Languages of Indigenous)

Indigenous Ethnologue (Languages of Indigenous)

INDIGENOUS LANGUAGES SPOKEN IN AMERICA

ETHNOLOGUE AND COUNT- (Source James Estes, National Clearinghouse for Bilingual Education.) YOU MAY ADD TO THIS INFO BY CONTCATING US: Too97@aol.com

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PREFACE: (source listed above and below) according to Estes, Language scholars believe that prior to the arrival of Columbus, and Tiano peoples at first contact on or about the date of 1492 numbered upwards of 500,000 approximately 400 different languages were spoken in The United States by indigenous peoples; Through the encroachement of that time, indigenous languages died out rapidly and numbers are dificult to secure and measure as many speakers are elderly and had been previously discouraged from speaking languages in the "Indian School" days.

Figures on current language use vary (Crystal, 1987; Krauss, 1998; Grimes, 1997) but indicate that roughly half of these languages are now extinct. [1] Many of the remaining languages are considered moribund, or near extinction, as they have few speakers and these speakers are all elders. Some projections suggest that by the year 2050, only twenty indigenous American languages will remain (Crawford, 1999)(Estes, 2000).

How Many Speakers? Krauss (1998) notes that the earliest broad survey of language speakers was in 1964; other inventories followed, including SIL International's Ethnologue. According to data provided inEthnologue, there are over 361,978 speakers of indigenous American languages. It is difficult, however, to determine a precise census Of speakers of these languages, and Krauss suggests that reasons for this difficulty include confusing US Census language definitions and biased responses by some respondents. Speakers may deny their language ability (because of a perceived prejudice or stigma) while others may overestimate their own language ability, (Estes 2000)

The following tables list 154 indigenous American languages which are still spoken in the United States, the number of speakers, and Where the speakers are located. The first table arranges the languages alphabetically, while the second arranges them according to number of speakers. (Estes, 2000).

Table 1: Indigenous Languages Spoken in the STATE SPEAKERS (LANGUAGE)ANTHROPOLOGICAL NAME -
Speakers [2]LanguageLocation
20 Abnaki-PenobscotMaine [3]
10 AchumawiCalifornia
21 AhtenaAlaska
256 AlabamaTexas
90 AleutAlaska
812 Apache, JicarillaNew Mexico
18 Apache, KiowaOklahoma
10 Apache, LipanNew Mexico
1,800 Apache, Mescalero-ChiricahuaNew Mexico
12,693 Apache, WesternArizona
1,038 ArapahoWyoming; Oklahoma
90 ArikaraNorth Dakota
150 AssiniboineMontana [3]
4 AtsugewiCalifornia
1,062 BlackfootMontana [5]
141 CaddoOklahoma
35 CahuillaCalifornia
5 Chehalis, LowerWashington
2 Chehalis, UpperWashington
11,905 CherokeeOklahoma; North Carolina
5 ChetcoOregon
1,721 CheyenneMontana
1,000 ChickasawOklahoma
17 Chinook WawaOregon
17,890 ChoctawOklahoma
5 ClallamWashington
321 CocopaArizona [6]
40 Coeur D'AleneIdaho
39 Columbia-WenatchiWashington
854 ComancheOklahoma
1 CoosOregon
2 CowlitzWashington
1,070 Cree, WesternMontana [5]
4,280 CrowMontana
9 CupenoCalifornia
20,355 DakotaNebraska; Minnesota; N SDakota;
Montana [3]
40 Degexit'anAlaska
1 EyakAlaska
10 Gros VentreMontana
365 Gwich'inAlaska
138 HaidaAlaska
7 HanAlaska
1,007 Havasupai-Walapai-YavapaiArizona
1,000 HawaiianHawaii
100 HidatsaNorth Dakota
250 Hocak/WinnebagoNebraska
12 HolikachukAlaska
5,264 HopiArizona; Utah; New Mexico
8 HupaCalifornia
3,500 Inuktitut, North AlaskanAlaska
4,000 Inuktitut, Northwest AlaskaAlaska
1,301 JemezNew Mexico
1 KalapuyaOregon
200 Kalispel-Pend DóreilleMontana
19 KansaOklahoma
126 KarokCalifornia
50 KashayaCalifornia
10 KatoCalifornia
10 KawaiisuCalifornia
4,580 Keres, EasternNew Mexico
3,390 Keres, WesternNew Mexico
539 KikapooKansas; Oklahoma; Texas [7]
1,092 KiowaOklahoma
88 Klamath-ModocOregon
600 KoasatiLouisiana; Texas
300 KoyukonAlaska
97 KumiaiCalifornia [6]
40 Kuskokwim, UpperAlaska
102 KutenaiIdaho; Montana [5]
6,000 LakotaNebraska; Minnesota; N S Dakota;
Montana
43 LuisenoCalifornia
60 LushootseedWashington
10 Maidu, NorthwestCalifornia
10 MakahWashington
887 Malecite-PassamaquoddyMaine [5]
6 MandanNorth Dakota
181 MaricopaArizona
39 MenominiWisconsin
800 MesquakieIowa; Oklahoma; Kansas; Nebraska
2,100 MicmacBoston; New York City [5]
496 MikasukiFlorida
5 Miwok, Central SierraCalifornia
1 Miwok, CoastCalifornia
8 Miwok, LakeCalifornia
10 Miwok, Northern SierraCalifornia
1 Miwok, PlainsCalifornia
10 Miwok, Southern SierraCalifornia
234 MohaveArizona
2,017 MohawkNew York[3]
20 MonoCalifornia
6,213 MuskogeeOklahoma; Alabama; Florida
148,530 NavajoArizona; Utah; New Mexico; Utah
697 Nez PerceIdaho
12 NisenanCalifornia
8,000 Ojibwa, EasternMichigan [3]
35,000 Ojibwa, WesternMontana; Lake Superior; North Dakota
[3]
112 OkanganWashington
85 Omaha-PoncaNebraska; Oklahoma
50 OneidaNew York; Wisconsin
15 OnondagaNew York
5 OsageOklahoma
2,000 Paiute, NorthernNevada; Oregon; California; Idaho
20 PanamintCalifornia
11,819 Papago-PimaArizona [7]
4 PawneeOklahoma
40 Pomo, CentralCalifornia
1 Pomo, NortheasternCalifornia
10 Pomo, SoutheasternCalifornia
40 Pomo, SouthernCalifornia
50 PotawatomiMichigan; Wisconsin; Kansas; Oklahoma
34 QuapawOklahoma
343 QuechanCalifornia
6 QuinaultWashington
107 Salish, Southern Puget SoundWashington
30 Salish, StraitsWashington [3]
200 SenecaNew York; Oklahoma
1 SerranoCalifornia
12 ShastaCalifornia
234 ShawneeOklahoma
2,284 ShoshoniNevada; Idaho; Wyoming
100 SkagitWashington
10 SnohomishWashington
50 SpokaneWashington
65 TanacrossAlaska
75 TanainaAlaska
30 Tanana, LowerAlaska
115 Tanana, UpperAlaska
200 TeninoOregon
1,300 TewaNew Mexico; Arizona
927 Tiwa, NorthernNew Mexico
1,631 Tiwa, SouthernNew Mexico
775 TlingitAlaska
5 TolowaOregon
113 TsimshianAlaska [5]
6 TubatulabalCalifornia
10 TututniOregon
50 UmatillaOregon
5 UnamiOklahoma; New Jersey; Delaware
1,984 Ute-Southern PaiuteColorado; Utah; Arizona; Nevada;
California
100 Walla WallaOregon
69 Wasco-WishramOregon; Washington
10 WashoCalifornia; Nevada
10 WichitaOklahoma
10 WintuCalifornia
3,000 YakimaWashington
406 YaquiArizona [6]
78 YokutsCalifornia
12 YuchiOklahoma
6 YukiCalifornia
10,000 Yupik, CentralAlaska
1,100 Yupik, Central SiberianAlaska [8]
400 Yupik, Pacific GulfAlaska
10 YurokCalifornia
6,413 ZuniNew Mexico
363,995 TOTAL

Source: Adapted from B. Grimes (1996). Ethnologue: Languages of the
world. Dallas: SIL International. Updated February 1999 at
www.sil.org/ethnologue.
Table 2: Indigenous Languages Spoken in the United States (by
Number of Speakers)
Speakers [2]LanguageLocation
148,530 NavajoArizona; Utah; New Mexico; Utah
35,000 Ojibwa, WesternMontana; Lake Superior; North Dakota
[3]
20,355 DakotaNebraska; Minnesota; North Dakota; South Dakota;
Montana [3]
17,890 ChoctawOklahoma
12,693 Apache, WesternArizona
11,905 CherokeeOklahoma; North Carolina
11,819 Papago-PimaArizona [7]
10,000 Yupik, CentralAlaska
8,000 Ojibwa, EasternMichigan [3]
6,413 ZuniNew Mexico
6,213 MuskogeeOklahoma; Alabama; Florida
6,000 LakotaNebraska; Minnesota; North Dakota; South Dakota;
Montana
5,264 HopiArizona; Utah; New Mexico
4,580 Keres, EasternNew Mexico
4,280 CrowMontana
4,000 Inuktitut, Northwest AlaskaAlaska
3,500 Inuktitut, North AlaskanAlaska
3,390 Keres, WesternNew Mexico
3,000 YakimaWashington
2,284 ShoshoniNevada; Idaho; Wyoming
2,100 MicmacBoston; New York City [5]
2,017 MohawkNew York[3]
2,000 Paiute, NorthernNevada; Oregon; California; Idaho
1,984 Ute-Southern PaiuteColorado; Utah; Arizona; Nevada;
California
1,800 Apache, Mescalero-ChiricahuaNew Mexico
1,721 CheyenneMontana
1,631 Tiwa, SouthernNew Mexico
1,301 JemezNew Mexico
1,300 TewaNew Mexico; Arizona
1,100 Yupik, Central SiberianAlaska [8]
1,092 KiowaOklahoma
1,070 Cree, WesternMontana [5]
1,062 BlackfootMontana [5]
1,038 ArapahoWyoming; Oklahoma
1,007 Havasupai-Walapai-YavapaiArizona
1,000 ChickasawOklahoma
1,000 HawaiianHawaii
927 Tiwa, NorthernNew Mexico
887 Malecite-PassamaquoddyMaine [5]
854 ComancheOklahoma
812 Apache, JicarillaNew Mexico
800 MesquakieIowa; Oklahoma; Kansas; Nebraska
775 TlingitAlaska
697 Nez PerceIdaho
600 KoasatiLouisiana; Texas
539 KikapooKansas; Oklahoma; Texas [7]
496 MikasukiFlorida
406 YaquiArizona [6]
400 Yupik, Pacific GulfAlaska
365 Gwich'inAlaska
343 QuechanCalifornia
321 CocopaArizona [6]
300 KoyukonAlaska
256 AlabamaTexas
250 Hocak/WinnebagoNebraska
234 MohaveArizona
234 ShawneeOklahoma
200 Kalispel-Pend DóreilleMontana
200 SenecaNew York; Oklahoma
200 TeninoOregon
181 MaricopaArizona
150 AssiniboineMontana [3]
141 CaddoOklahoma
138 HaidaAlaska
126 KarokCalifornia
115 Tanana, UpperAlaska
113 TsimshianAlaska [5]
112 OkanganWashington
107 Salish, Southern Puget SoundWashington
102 KutenaiIdaho; Montana [5]
100 HidatsaNorth Dakota
100 SkagitWashington
100 Walla WallaOregon
97 KumiaiCalifornia [6]
90 AleutAlaska
90 ArikaraNorth Dakota
88 Klamath-ModocOregon
85 Omaha-PoncaNebraska; Oklahoma
78 YokutsCalifornia
75 TanainaAlaska
69 Wasco-WishramOregon; Washington
65 TanacrossAlaska
60 LushootseedWashington
50 KashayaCalifornia
50 OneidaNew York; Wisconsin
50 PotawatomiMichigan; Wisconsin; Kansas; Oklahoma
50 SpokaneWashington
50 UmatillaOregon
43 LuisenoCalifornia
40 Coeur D'AleneIdaho
40 Degexit'anAlaska
40 Kuskokwim, UpperAlaska
40 Pomo, CentralCalifornia
40 Pomo, SouthernCalifornia
39 Columbia-WenatchiWashington
39 MenominiWisconsin
35 CahuillaCalifornia
34 QuapawOklahoma
30 Salish, StraitsWashington [3]
30 Tanana, LowerAlaska
21 AhtenaAlaska
20 Abnaki-PenobscotMaine [

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