FUTURE COLLISIONS
THE FUTURE [CW and CS refer to Cosmic Winter and Cosmic Serpent Bill Napier and Victor Clube]
These pointers aren’t the worst scenario by far. Neither was the Dark Age or ‘Domesday’ - What’s left of the giant disintegrator is out there somewhere as a comet/asteroid. It still has up to 30,000 years to go CW141. When it returns to its nearest local orbital intersection, there’ll be a year when Earth and Moon are intensely bombarded over a few hours/days. A Taurid asteroid with 100k megatons [3xTunguska] of impact energy would be spotted 6 hours away by binocular, naked eye 30 mins. The final brilliant plunge would take 30 secs. CW275
A Hephaistos type impact of 100m megatons would affect oceans world-wide and continent size areas [ some areas in centre of land masses might escape ] Such an impact occurs in one of the 70 disintegration periods in a 3.5m year shower occurring every 30m. This impact hasn’t occurred in the current shower [unless this was the ‘Exodus’ fragment blown apart by our visitors]. So, it will happen out of the blue anytime in the 500k remaining[as part of a bunch in a bunch]. At present, the most likely time is in June. The effects will approximate those of 65m, 42 &15m.
The impact could be even worse! As the Encke derived Taurid complex is so young, it may contain an even larger disintegrating 18 mile+ dia. asteroid. Such a fragment has 25x Hephaistos’ impact power [2,500,000,000 megatons], enough to form Lunar Mare Orientale Basin. For earth, these impacts occur every 400m, or 1 in around 26 cosmic showers. cw230[see Age of Dinosaurs] .CW230 258
ATENS SHUN!
On top of this, there are bound to be earth grazing asteroids/Atens with [to us] sunward only orbits under 365 days. Not even Hubble is turned towards these solids, which can easily be perturbed into catastrophic orbits by Venus LEWIS 77 Even if a decision were made to look for these and incoming June Beta Taurids, the task would be almost impossible. Excepting in total solar eclipses, anything sensitive enough to find them would be swamped by solar glare.
Offspring - Our solar system [including OORT cloud?] always has as many comets as there are stars in our Galaxy CW133. CS146
Decides Encke/the Taurids there are other comets and/or 50+ meteor streams derived from the disintegrating giant [or giants- whose 15-50k disintegration periods overlap]. These include:
Tempel Tuttle/ Leonids very young 5 day span. 1833 - stream produces 20,000 fireballs in 9 hours, some as bright as the Full Moon. These falling stars plunge North America into panic/terror at what looks like Judgement Day CW286
Giacobini-Zinner/Draconids Must be very young as stream lasts one day.
Near earth Minor planets/asteroids:
Phaethon, a 3 mile companion of comet Ikeya, both responsible for December Geminids. It has a red-hot 13m perihelion Icarus Arietids Hermes October Cetids
There are numerous ‘left overs’ which are definitely from other giants.
The Kreutz group provides definite evidence of another giant disintegrator. It has up to 100 comets [12 known, some very large] with similar very eccentric [non earth- threatening!] orbits which skim sun’s surface. They derive from the cascading fragmentations of another giant comet. The group appears ‘bunched’ in time - 1843 very large comet, 1882 very large comet which breaks into 4/5 distinct fragments, 1887 very large comet CW140, 287[ note 77].
ASTEROIDS
The name means ‘starlike’. Seen through early telescopes they were points of light, whereas planets were discs Asimov 136.
‘Conventional’ paradigms propose that asteroids are rocky/metallic and not derived from frozen icy comets. Comets tend to be smaller and in less stable orbits. Frequent catastrophism holds that both comets and asteroids can have similar properties, whatever their ultimate origins. They can be treated as the lifeless shells of once lively, gassy comets.
10% of these billion tumbling monoliths have potentially earth crossing orbits. They all move at slightly different rates, in slightly different courses. Most are nearly invisible, having surfaces of pitch black carbon soot. Steven Ostro, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 1995, one of only about 20 ‘searching’ [mainly Spacewatch] astronomers, states there are:
[i] around 150,000,000 at 10 metres plus.[Spacewatch cites USA billions under 10 metres]
[ii] 5 to 6 hundred thousand around 100 metres. These can impact or air burst, forming little craters. One will hit in next 50-100 years.
[iii] 2000 a kilometre+.
Only 5% of the total are known. An 2km object would kill a quarter of world population.
Ceres [see 7500BC] is largest asteroid known [dia 600m+] . Most are basalt/granite, some [2/50 of known ‘earth-crossers]mainly metal [iron, cobalt, gold, platinum - a minority are mainly or all ice/carbon[maybe with organic contents] and are ex or proto comets CW246, Clarke 107 BBC Horizon, Nov 1995
A body in retrograde orbit [opposite to all planets] will hit Earth head on. If a 1x˝ mile asteroid with outer layers 90% carbon and a metal/ice core [= 2 billion ton mass] it would impact with equivalent of a billion Hiroshimas [2,000,000,000,000 tons]. An ocean impact would produce mile high waves Clarke 17 129-30
This is minor compared to the impact of a reasonably sized retrograde orbiting comet like 9 miles x 6 Halleys’ [comet density only 20% of water, 80% honeycomb LEWIS 44].
Encke remains active, but will become an asteroid around 2050. At a 3.3 year return, its orbit is unique and quickest amongst the known 100ish short-period [around 12 years]comets. Its the only one which won't get 'swept up' by Jupiter. CW148,164
There are various Lagrange points in the Solar System. Here, gravitational combinations form ‘holding zones’ Communication satellites are placed at these points round Earth. Arthur C. Clarke [68-69]: - proposes there are around 12000 Trojan asteroids frequenting the 2 Jupiter Lagrange ‘points’ [making them the most congested areas in the solar system]. 9000 are 60° ahead of Jupiter, 3000 60° behind. 95% are well over 62 yards across. Mainly under Saturn’s influence, these asteroids continually wander within the Lagrange point up to 30° in any direction.
Earth-grazers
Problems for Earth can begin when a resonatory combination of Saturn, Uranus and Neptune’s gravitational fields forces an asteroid out of its pen. These asteroids wander sunward, sometimes encountering our region. One Trojan blasted out the Lunar Hellas Basin.
Decides the Trojans, rogue asteroids wander as far out as Neptune. Although they are less volatile and have more predictable orbits than comets, any could enter wandering tracks eventually threatening Earth.
A NASA probe will rendezvous with Eros in Jan 1999 [Birdsall, 18]. This asteroid is a cosmic brick.30x19x7 km. Its nearest approach is 22.5 km. in its present orbit. The rest of the earth-grazers are only 1-3 km dia Asimov 137
They might be better employed intensifying their search for the 1350 [90%] undiscovered earth orbit crossing potentially threatening Apollos. At the present level of research, it will take 337 years to find all of these 1-10 km bodies
NASA should at least make more effort to find. 1km dia Apollo Hermes. On Oct 30 1937 [night of Southern Taurid stream max], this asteroid approached within 2 Moon distances [800,000 km/ ˝m] crossing the sky in a speedy 9 days. Its projected orbit made it capable of coming closer than the Moon [310,000km]. Either the 1937 orbital calculations were wrong, or its been perturbed. No-one knows where it is. CS72 Asimov 138
The disturbed rocky/metallic asteroids form only half the earth grazers. The other 50% are made up of extinct rich comet nuclei. LEWIS 43
Source of meteors/meteoroids/meteorites [see note on page 4 - 3m /2m years ago]
Conventional paradigms propose that debris/dust comes from comets and asteroids. Cometary debris/dust is insubstantial and always burns up as meteors [shooting stars]. Asteroidal debris is more solid and can form a meteoroid/ite [fireball].
Frequent catastrophism holds that comets and asteroids can be the same bodies at different stages in their life. Debris from either can become meteors/meteoroids/meteorites.
On average 550 meteorites hit earth annually. The largest recorded, the 66 ton iron Hoba fragment from the asteroid belt, impacted Namibia. We know this as its too big to remove! [Emiliani 108]
[It is barely buried. Due to their trajectory, slowed velocity etc, Meteorites rarely impact with force. If they do, its usually only to about 2 metres in soft ground. McCall 44-50]
5 May 2000 An alignment of 5 planets which takes place once in 45k [see 43k]. Will cause orbit to go from oval to ellipse. Pulled in 2030 = 1% nearer sun. Gyroscopic force + pull = crust moves [Fingerprints of Gods, Graham Hancock , 1996 p245].
Resource Information
Allegro JM The Sacred Mushroom and the Cross UK 1970
Asimov I A Choice of Catastrophes UK 1980
Birdsall GW EARTHWATCH UFO MAGAZINE Jan/Feb 1997
Clarke AC Hammer of God 1993
Edberg SJ & Levy DH Observing Comets Asteroids Meteors & the Zodiacal light Cambridge UP 1994
Fisher GA Speak through the earthquake wind & fire UK 1982
Kobres Comets and the Bronze Age Collapse WWW//abob.libs.uga.edu./bobk 1992
Kronk GW WWW medinfo.wust.edu.... 1995
LEWIS John S RAIN OF IRON AND ICE UK96 [US 95]
contains 7 page table of deaths, injuries, damage from Meteorite falls
McCall G J Meteorites & their Origins UK 1973
Meadows J Space Garbage UK 1985
Moore P Countdown! Rainbird 1983
Morse E The Living Stars Amethyst, UK 1988
Morris SC Royal Institute Christmas Lectures 1996 BBC2
Sagan C Cosmos Macdonald 1980
Sagan C Pale Blue Dot 1995
Taylor
Velikovsky I Mankind in Amnesia
Velikovsky I Worlds in Collision 1950 [Gollancz 1973]
Ziegler P Black Death
more to add
Further reading Lewis
Leo masursky for Chinese reports.
Also K Yau P Weissman D Yeomans of JP Laboratory LEWIS 169
Clark R Chapman & David Morrison Cosmic Catastrophes 1989
Hazards Due to Comets and Asteroids Tom Gehrels 1994 USA only technical assessment available
Also see Age of Iron and Ice John S Lewis on NEAs as resources -
Lewis Rain 9 Use asteroids and comets as sources of material and knowledge wealth whilst investing in deterrence
our own backyard
Impacts bring water to the inner planets. Lewis 136
Blast waves create nitrogen oxides on earth Lewis136
the skies were not clear as in tales
dust rate today also out to Jupiter infra red
Accumulating Evidence for Catastrophism throughout the Solar System: Videos of Moons of Saturn Voyager Galileo
The Apollos [Hephaistos,Apollo,Adonis,Hermes etc] are the class of asteroids with potentially earth threatening orbits.
The class threatening Mars are the Amor asteroids. Mars’ little satellites are densely cratered Phobos is spiralling in towards Mars. One hemisphere of Mars is heavily cratered. Impacting ice comets would give catastrophic local flooding. CS 70 72 78/9 Later impacts have severely thinned the atmosphere in an ex potential process LEWIS 123
Phobos closer. Both 10/20 15/30 across Meadows 12/13
Venus, which has a young surface, has only large craters, not attributable to Apollos CS78
Mercury is cratered like the Moon CS78.
Earth is only inner to be highly magnetised, so solar wind is affected Meadows44-5
Retrograde Triton is spiralling in towards Neptune CS70-1
Jupiter density 1.3 Meadows 14
At least 8 of Jupiter’s satellites are captured asteroids Asimov 136
Main satellites are all more than twice as bright as Moon.
Innermost IO slightly larger than Moon. Terrestrial composition. Own magnetic field. Thin sulphur dioxide atmosphere. Only satellite with little or no water, though it did have in early days.
Surface - 2 possibilities:
[i] has impact craters, but all obscured by volcanic ash&lava Asimov 132
[ii] very young, constantly changing active volcanic surface, mainly of sodium rich molten silicate rock and liquid sulphur. Any Impact craters would disappear immediately in geological time.
Heat sources
[i] IO is locked in resonance with Europa and Ganymede. This, combined with the pull of Jupiter, gives it a wobbling bender producing frictional heat way above 1 trillion watts and tides 100metres high!
[Ii] Sweeping through Jupiter’s magnetic field, IO generates a heat producing 1 trillion watts.
[Iii] At moment, losing more heat than that generated by above, so either temporarily over active or a third heat source.
From a Frequent Catastrophist viewpoint, this overheating phase may not be one of many experienced by an ancient body and/ or on a swift road to demise.
Ganymede density 2 Meadows 14
Outermost Callisto - almost size of Mercury. Oldest landscape in Solar System. Peppered with shallowish impact craters, it is the most heavily cratered in the Solar System. 2 are massive - Valhalla at 600km, Asgard 1600 km dia. Also 7 impact crater chains These would be from cometary fragments split off by
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